1. 定语从句：润色一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，一样平常紧跟在它所润色的先行词后面。
2. 先行词：被定语从句润色的那个名词或代词称为先行词。
3. 关系词：勾引定语从句的关联词称为关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词：who, whom, whose, which, that, as等；关系副词：where, when, why等。关系词常有三个浸染：勾引定语从句；代替先行词；在定语从句中充当一个身分。
例如：Harry Potter is the most interesting novel that I have read. (that I have read是定语从句；novel是先行词；that 是关系代词，代替先行词novel，在从句中作have read的宾语。)
关系词指代人或物以及在定语从句中充当的身分
4. 限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句
限定性定语从句形式上不用逗号和主句隔开，是先行词不可短缺的部分，去掉它主句意思每每不明确，翻译成先行词的定语，“……的……”。非限定性定语从句是先行词的附加解释，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间常日用逗号分开，常日翻译成主句的并列句。关系代词that和关系副词why不能勾引非限定性定语从句。
His brother who is now a lawyer always encourages him to go to college.
他那个现在是状师的哥哥总是鼓励他上大学。(他还有其他的哥哥)
His brother, who is now a lawyer, always encourages him to go to college.
他的哥哥，现在是状师，总是鼓励他上大学。(他只有一个哥哥)
一、关系代词的利用
【例句不雅观察】
①She is the woman (whom / that / who)I wanted to see yesterday. 她是我昨天想看的那个女的。
②The package (which / that)you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你扛着的包裹立时要拆开。
③Obama won the Nobel Prize for Peace in the year 2009, which we hadn't expected.
Obama在2009年得诺贝尔和平奖是大家都没想到的。
④Your parents are the ones to whom you can turn when you are in trouble. 你父母是你困难时可以乞助的人。
【例句剖析】
①whom / that / who指人，在限定性定语从句中作wanted to see的宾语，可以省略。
②which / that指物，在限定性定语从句中作are carrying的宾语，可以省略。
③which指前面主句内容，在非限定性定语从句中作宾语，但不能省略。
④whom前有介词to，虽然作宾语，但不能省略。
【结论1】关系代词若在限定性定语从句中作宾语并且前面无介词时，关系代词可省略，其他情形不可省。
【完成例句】
(1)我，你的好朋友，当你陷入困境的时候会帮你的。
I, who am your close friend, will try my best to help you whenever you are in trouble.
(2) 《哈利·波特》是最受青少年欢迎的脱销书之一。
Harry Potter is one of the best－sellers that are popular with teenagers.
《哈利·波特》是唯一一本让作者成为亿万财主的脱销书。
Harry Potter is the only one of the best－sellers that makes the author a billionaire.
(3)他通过了考试，这使我们很惊异。He has passed the exam, which makes us surprised.
众所周知，中国发生了巨大的变革。Great changes have taken place in China, as is known to all.
(4)每家有台电视,30年前我们认为是不可能的，现在实现了。
To own a TV set in each family, which we think was impossible 30 years ago, now has become true.
【结论2】定语从句中的主谓同等问题
(1)关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持同等。
(2) one of ＋ 复数名词＋ 关系代词＋ 复数动词；而the only one of ＋ 复数名词＋ 关系代词＋ 单数动词。
(3)非限定性定语从句中，由关系代词as或which代替全体主句时，从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。
(4)关系代词和谓语动词之间有插入语时，谓语动词单复数要看关系代词的指代。
【完成例句】
(5)所有能做的都做了。 All that can be done has been done.
(6)这便是我想要买的电影。This is the very dictionary that I want to buy.
(7)他们在伦敦参不雅观的第一个地方是大本钟。The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.
(8)站在那儿的是谁？ Who is the man that is standing there?
(9) They have set up a company, which deals with the things that are related to environment protection.
他们创立了一家环保公司。
(10)杭州不再是过去的杭州了。Hangzhou is no more the city that it used to be.
【结论3】指物时，定语从句中的关系代词只能用that的情形：
①当先行词为everything, anything, nothing, the one, none, all, much, few, any, little等不定代词时，只用that。
②当先行词被the only, the very, all, much, few, any, little, no润色时，只用that。
③当先行词被序数词、形容词最高级或者先行词被序数词、形容词最高级润色时，只用that。先行词既有人又有物时，只用that。
④当主句的主语是疑问词who或which时，为避免重复要用that。
⑤有两个定语从句时，个中一个关系代词已用which，另一个宜用that。
⑥当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词也在从句中作表语时，只用that。
【完成例句】
(11)那棵四百年的老树很有名。The tree, which is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
(12)我们自给自足。We depend on the land from which we get our food.
(13)这本书是关于我们要去参不雅观的那座有名的建筑吗？
Is this the book that refers to the famous building which we will go to visit?
【结论4】只能用 which的情形：
①勾引非限定性定语从句时，只能用which。
②介词后只用which，且不能省略。
③有两个定语从句时，个中一个关系代词已用that，另一个宜用which。
【完成例句】
(14)有人乐意帮助受伤的人吗？Is there anyone who is ready to help the injured person?
(15)这便是那位帮助在事件中受伤的人的年夜夫吗？
Is this the doctor that helped the people who were injured in the accident?
【结论5】指人时，定语从句中的关系代词只能用who的情形：
①当先行词是anyone, those时，只用who。
②有两个定语从句皆指人时，个中一个关系代词已用that，另一个宜用who。
【完成例句】
(16)那个门破了的教室在二楼。
The classroom whose door / the door of which / of which the door is broken is on the second floor.
【结论6】whose可以指代人或物，在定语从句中作定语， 后跟名词。指物时，whose ＋ 名词＝ of which ＋名词 ＝ 名词＋ of which。
【完成例句】
(17)我们都知道，吸烟有害康健。① As we all know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
太阳照射地球，这对我们是很主要的。②The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.
(18)①她和她妹妹穿一样的衣服。She wore the same dress as her young sister wore.
②这不是我们想到的那所屋子。This house is not such as I expect.
(19)就像我们指出的那样，这种物质是有毒的。As was pointed out, this kind of substance is poisonous.
【结论7】关系代词as和which
在非限定性定语从句中，as和which可代替全体主句，相称于and this或and that。二者的差异紧张在于：
①as勾引的非限定性定语从句既可以在主句前，也可以在主句后，有时还可以在插入句中，常带有“正如……，正像……”的意思。而which勾引的非限定性定语从句只能放在主句之后，翻译成“这”。
②as常用于以下固定搭配中：the same＋名词＋as “和……同样的”，such＋名词＋as“像……一样的，像……之类的”，…such as…“这样的人 / 物”。(such为代词，作先行词； as在从句中作宾语)
③在以下构造中，一样平常也用as:
as (it)appears, as (it)seems, as (it)often happens, as (it)was pointed out / said / reported / announced, as (it)was said earlier, as I remember (it), as is well－known, as is known to all, as anybody can see等。
【完成例句】
(20)这便是我一贯在找的书。This is the book which / that / 不填I am looking for.
(21)他深爱对他慈爱的父母。He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.
＝He loved his parents deeply, of whom both are very kind to him.
(22)我没有足够的钱去买那条昂贵的裙子。I don't have enough money with which to buy such an expensive dress.
(23)从1998年到2004年Mike在这所大学学习，在此期间，他学习很努力并当选为学生会主席。
Mike studied at the university from 1998 to 2004, during which time he studied very hard and was made chairman of the Students' Union.
【结论8】“介词＋关系代词”勾引的定语从句，关系代词指人时用whom，指物时用which。
①某些带有介词的动词短语，介词可以提至关系代词之前，但是在一些固定搭配的短语动词中，由于动词和介词不可以分割，因此不能将介词置于关系代词之前，如take care of, look for, look after, care for等。
②“介词＋关系代词”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代词或者数词，有时数词或代词也可以放在“介词＋关系代词”之后。
③介词＋which / whom＋to do构造。这种构造可以改为：介词＋which / whom＋定语从句。
④在非限定性定语从句中，which可作定语，指先行词(短语或句子)所表示的信息，形成“介词＋which ＋名词”构造，相称于and in / at / during this / that＋名词。
二、关系副词的利用
【完成例句】
(24)我仍旧记得我们第一次上学的那天。I still remember the day when / on which we first came to the school.
(25)十年前我住的屋子已经被推倒了。The house where / in which I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.
(26)我不知道他本日看起来不高兴的缘故原由。I don't know the reason why / for which he looks unhappy today.
【结论1】关系副词的分类和浸染
①when指韶光，在定语从句中作韶光状语；when＝表示韶光的介词(in / at / on / during…)＋which。
②where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语，where＝表示地点的介词(in / at / on / under…)＋which。
③why指缘故原由，在定语从句中作缘故原由状语， why＝表示缘故原由的介词(for)＋which。
【翻译句子】
(27)他回答这个问题的办法是令人惊异的。The way in which / that / 不填he answered the question was surprising.
(28) The way which / that he explained to us was quite simple.
【结论2】在以the way为先行词的定语从句中，若the way 在从句中充当状语，则常日由in which或that勾引，而且常日可以省略。若the way 在从句中充当宾语，则常日由which或that勾引。
【完成例句】
(29)中国是鹞子的起源地，并从那里传播到日本、韩国、泰国和印度。
China is the birth place of kites, from which kites spread to Japan, Korea, Thailand and India.
【结论3】有时为了表达更清楚，可以在关系副词where / when前加上介词to, from等。
【疑难】 There is one point that we must insist on. 有一个不雅观点我们必须坚持。(定语从句可还原为：we must insist on the point，以是先行词point在定语从句中作宾语，故用that / which或省略。)
We're just trying to reach a point where both sides will sit down together and talk. 我们正努力做到能让双方坐下来对话。 (定语从句可还原为：at the point both sides will sit down together and talk, 故先行词point在定语从句中作状语，以是关系词用where / at which。)
【疑难阐发】一些分外的先行词如situation, point, case, activity，scene及period, festival, occasion等要把稳详细情形详细剖析，作主语、宾语和表语用that / which，作状语用where / when / 介词＋which。
三、关系代 / 副词的选择技巧
【完成例句】
(30)我会记住我们一起度过的日子。I will remember the days that/ which/省略 we spent together. (根据把定语从句还原成we spent the days together，判断出the days作spent的宾语)
(31) 6月7日是我们开始高考的日子。June 7 is the day when / on which we begin to take the college entrance examination. (根据把定语从句还原成we begin to take the college entrance examination on the day，判断出on the day作状语。)
(32 )这是他事情过10年的地方。This is the place where / in which he worked for ten years. (根据把定语从句还原成he worked in the place for ten years，判断出in the place作状语。)
【结论】
①用还原法：将先行词放入定语从句中，找到它的原有位置，判断它做什么身分以及判断先行词指人还是指物。
②一样平常说来，作主语、宾语或表语时，用关系代词；作状语时，用关系副词或介词＋which；作定语时，用whose。
四、定语从句和其他句型之间的关系
【例句不雅观察】
He is such a good boy that everyone likes him. (不缺句子身分，that勾引结果状语从句)他是如此好的一位男孩以至于大家都喜好他。
He is such a good boy as everyone likes. (likes缺宾语，用as充当并勾引定语从句)他是一个大家都喜好的男孩。
The great white shark is so fierce a fish as eats most of the others. (as充当eats的主语，并勾引定语从句)大白鲨是大多数鱼都吃的一种凶恶的鱼。
【结论】差异such / so…as…勾引的定语从句和such / so…that…勾引的结果状语从句判断用that还是as, 只要看从句的构造是否完全即可。如果从句缺了主语或宾语便是定语从句；如果从句的构造完全，便是结果状语从句。
【疑难1】差异非限定性定语从句与并列句
— He wrote a lot of novels, none of ______ were popular.
— It's the same with his wife. She wrote some plays, but none of ______ was a success.
A. these; them B. which; which C. those; which D. which; them
【疑难阐发1】此题应选 D。很随意马虎误选A、B。选对该题的关键是：要把稳前面一句的 none of…没有并列连词(解释它才是非限定性定语从句，以是其后填which)，而后面一句的none of…前有一并列连词but (解释它与前面一句构成并列句，以是其后填them)。
【疑难2】差异定语从句与名词性从句
①As is known to all, the moon travels around the earth.
②It is known to all that the moon travels around the earth.
③That the moon travels around the earth is known to all.
④What is known to all is that the moon travels around the earth.
【疑难阐发2】
①as勾引非限定性定语从句；
②it作形式主语，that勾引主语从句；
③that勾引主语从句；
④what勾引主语从句， that勾引表语从句。
【疑难3】差异定语从句与地点状语从句
①When you read the book, you'd better make a mark in the place where you have any questions.
②When you read the book, you'd better make a mark where you have any questions.
③Please put the book in the place where you got it.
④Please put the book where you got it.
【疑难阐发3】①定语从句润色place; ②地点状语从句；③定语从句润色place；④地点状语从句。
【疑难4】差异定语从句与强调句、状语从句
①It was this small village (that / which) we got to know each other.
②It was in this small village that we got to know each other.
③It was 1914 when the war broke out.
④It was in 1914 that the war broke out.
⑤It was 1914, when the war broke out.
【疑难阐发4】①定语从句；②强调句；③韶光状语从句；④强调句；⑤非限定性定语从句。
【疑难5】定语从句中含有插入语
①He made another wonderful discovery, which I think is of great importance to science.
②The Chinese government has decided to develop the west of China, which, I dare say, will benefit the people there, especially those who are still leading a poor life.
【疑难阐发5】①I think作插入语；②I dare say作插入语。
五、配套精练
1.The music video Gangnam Style, ______ the singer rides on an invisible horse through the streets, has become popular all over the world．
A．which B．that C．what D．in which
【解析】D稽核定语从句。句意：音乐视频片《江南Style》描述了歌手骑着隐形的马穿过街道的情景，本片在全天下盛行起来吧。句中先行词The music video Gangnam Style在从句作状语，故选D项，相称于where。
2.We still remember the day_________ we spent in the old house.
A. what B. on which C. when D. which
【解析】D稽核定语从句。句意：我们还记得那天，我们一起在老屋子里度过的那天。此处the day为先行词，关系词which做spend的宾语，故用D项。
3.Jennifer is always absent from school, _________I suppose is why she is criticized now and then.
A. which B. who C. that D. what
【解析】A稽核非限定性定语从句的关系词。句意：Jennifer总是上学迟到，我想这是为什么她时常挨批评的缘故原由。Which指代上文整句话，故选A项。
4.Members of the Beijing Wheelchair Dance Training Base, was set up in 2009, are able to manage their wheelchairs perfectly.
A．who B．Which C．what D．that
【解析】B稽核定语从句。先行词the Beijing Wheelchair Dance Training Base作定语从句_____was set up in 2009, are able to manage their wheelchairs perfectly.的主语，且是非限定性定语从句，故用which，而不用that。
5.April Fool’s Day is a traditional festival people play harmless jokes on others.
A．which B．whereC．that D．when
【解析】D稽核定语从句。句意：愚人节是一个传统的节日，在这期间人们可以彼此间开一些无伤大雅的玩笑。破折号后面的句子是定语从句，润色前面的名词festival，而festival 在定语从句中作韶光状语以是选D项when。which 和that 在定语从句中作主语，宾语，表语等，不能作状语；where 可作状语但是表示地点，不符合题意。
6.For me, Gone with the Wind is a very happy discovery, _____ I shall return frequently.
A. on which B. by which C. to which D. from which
【解析】C稽核非限定性定语从句中介词的选择。句意：对我来说，《Gone with the Wind》这首歌是一个令人幸福的创造，我常常回顾它。定语从句中return 后须要to，故选用C项。
7.— Do you have anything to say for yourselves?— Yes, there is one point ____ we must insist on.
A. why B. where C. how D. /
【解析】D稽核定语从句。句意：—你还有什么为你自己辩解的吗？—是的，有一点我必须坚持。one point是先行词，后面的定语从句中insist on 短缺宾语，以是该当用that或which，在这儿做宾语可省略。
8.—So you know Della?—Yes, it was last week I surfed the Internet.
A．that B．when C．why D．whom
【解析】B稽核定语从句中关系副词的用法。句意：我是在上周上网的时候认识Della 的。that构成强调句型，但答非所问；根据问句可知答句中it指认识Della 的韶光；whom在定语从句中作宾语。when 表示韶光，勾引定语从句，when 在句中做韶光状语。
9.Mr. Smith is a teacher with rich teaching experience, from ______ much can be learned.
A. whom B. which C. where D. that
【解析】A稽核定语从句。句意：Mr. Smith是一个传授教化履历丰富的老师，从他那儿（我们）有很多可学的。定语从句的先行词为人（史密斯师长西席），故关系词用whom，作介词from的宾语。
10.---Where did you meet Mr. Smith from the US yesterday?
---It is in that market _________ we often buy things.
A. where B. what C. that D. there
【解析】A稽核定语从句。句意：你昨天在哪里见到从美国来的Mr. Smith的？是在我们常常买东西的阛阓里。此处是定语从句先行词market在从句中作地点状语。此句指个省略句，全句应是It is in that market ______ we often buy things that I met Mr. Smith from the US yesterday.
11.---Is this the school Jack often talks about?
---Right, just the one _____ you know he studied for up to nine years.
A. that B. which C. what D. where
【解析】D稽核定语从句。句意：这个便是Jack常常提及的学校吗？是的，你知道，这正是他读了近九年书的那个学校。此句是个定语从句，先行词the one在从句中充当地点状语，you know是插入语。
12.I work in a business ______ almost everyone is waiting for a great chance.
A. that B. which C. where D. why
【解析】C稽核定语从句。句意：我在一家公司事情，在这家公司险些每个人都在等一个大机会。此处business是先行词，在定语从句中作状语，故选C项where，相称于in which。
13.The number of people ________ this happens is not very large.
A. with whom B. to which C. to whom D. on which
【解析】C稽核定语从句。稽核sth. happens to sb.构造。句意：发生过这事的人的数目不是很大。此句包含一个定语从句，先行词是people ,介词+关系代词勾引从句，指人运用whom。
14.He was then admitted to a key university, _____ he graduated with honors.
A. of whichB. on whichC. about which D. from which
【解析】D稽核非限定性定语从句的用法。句意：“他被一所重点大学录取，毕业时成绩精良”。 graduate from“从某校毕业”，先行词是a key university，which指代a key university故选D项。
15.Spelling Bee is a contest competitors, usually children, are asked to spell as many words as possible.
A. which B. where C. what D. when
【解析】B稽核定语从句。句意：拼字比赛是一种竞争，在这个竞争中，竞争对手，常日是孩子，被哀求拼写尽可能多的单词。主句构造完全，从句部分润色a contest，从句不缺主语和宾语，短缺状语，以是利用关系副词。a contest可以理解为抽象地点，选择关系副词where。
16.Mo Yan became the first Chinese Nobel Prize winner in Literature, left school to make a living at the age of 12.
A. as B. which C. that D. who
17.________ is known to us all is that the old worker, for _______ life was hard in the past, still works hard in his seventies.
A. As; whom B. What; whose C. It; whose D. What; whom
【解析】D稽核主语从句和定语从句。句意：我们所有人都知道那个过去生活艰辛的老工人在他七十多岁的时候仍旧在努力事情。第一空稽核主语从句，从句中少主语用what；第二空稽核定语从句，whom代替老工人，做for的宾语，表示“对他来说生活困难”。
18.When people talk about the most popular new Chinese Internet words in 2011, the first _______comes into their mind is “holdup”.
A. which B. that C. one D. of them
【解析】B稽核限定性定语从句。句意：当评论辩论2011年中国网络上最盛行的新词时，第一个进入他们的脑海的便是“堵车”。The first相称于the first word，作word的同位语，也作先行词，后边的定语从句必须用that勾引。
19.The place _______ the bridge is supposed to be built should be _______ the cross river traffic is the heaviest.
A. which; whereB. at which; which C. at which; where D. which; in which
【解析】C稽核定语从句。第一空中place作为先行词，the bridge is supposed to be built桥该当建在哪儿，是定语从句，在这个定语从句中，place作地点状语，用in/at which或where都行；而在第二空中where勾引的从句作be的表语，是一个表语从句，在从句where作状语。
20.Mo Yan’s novel, Red Sorghum, was made into a film, won the Golden Bear at the Berlin Film Festival in 1988．
A. that B. which C. what D. it
【解析】B 稽核定语从句。句意：莫言的小说，被拍成了电影的《红高粱》，在一九八八年在柏林电影节得到了金熊奖。which勾引非限定性定语从句，并在从句中作主语。故选B项。
