(一)根据英文释义和首字母提示写出单词
1．defeat: to win against sb. in a war, competition, sports, game etc.
2．attend: to be present at an event
3．cure：to make a person or an animal healthy again after an illness
4．challenge：a new or difficult task that tests sb.'s ability and skill
5．suspect：to have an idea that something is bad but without having definite proof
6．blame：to think or say that sb./sth. is responsible for sth. bad
7．absorb: to take in liquid, gas, or another substance from the surface or space around sth.
8．link: to make a connection between two or more things or people
(二)根据词性和汉语提示写出单词，并进行拓展
9．scientific adj.科学的→science n．科学→scientist n．科学家
10．conclude vt. & vi.结束；推断出→conclusion n．结论；结束
11．expose vt.暴露；戳穿；使曝光→exposure n．暴露；曝光
12．pollute vt.污染；弄脏→polluted adj.受污染的→pollution n．污染
13．announce vt.宣告；通知布告→announcement n．发布；关照
14．instruct vt.命令；指示→instruction n．解释
单词解析：
1．defeat
[教材原句] JOHN SNOW DEFEATS "KING CHOLERA"约翰·斯诺降服"霍乱王"
(1)vt.打败；降服；使受挫
①The team defeated his opponent and won the champion in the final of the competition.这个队在比赛的决赛中打败对手，得到冠军。
②The proposal was defeated by 16 votes to 6.因16票反对，6票附和，该发起未能通过。
(2)n.[C，U]失落败
③He always seems cheerful even in defeat.他总是看起来很高兴，纵然输了也这样。
比较defeat, beat, win
defeat 击败，强调过程和结果 ，宾语是对手
beat 打败；(连续)击打， 宾语是对手
win 赢得；得胜，宾语是game或prize等
Yesterday I defeated/beat John at chess. He won only one set, while I won two sets.昨天我和约翰下棋赢了他。他只赢了一盘，而我赢了两盘。
2．attend vi.& vt.照料；照顾护士(病人)；出席；参加
[教材原句] John Snow was a famous doctor in London — so expert, indeed, that he attended Queen Victoria as her personal physician.
约翰·斯诺是伦敦一位著名的年夜夫——他的确医术博识，因而成了维多利亚女王的私人年夜夫。
①The professor is rich in knowledge, so we all like to attend his lecture.这位教授知识渊博，因此我们都喜好听他的演讲。
attend a meeting/a lecture/school参加会议/听报告/上学
attend (on/upon) sb. 照顾某人；奉养某人
attend to 处理；对付；接待(顾客)；专心；把稳
②Presidents from many countries attended the 2016 G20 Hangzhou Summit.来自许多国家的元首出席了2016年杭州G20峰会。
③He was badly injured. As a result, he was attended (on) by three nurses.他伤势严重。因此，有3名护士照顾护士他。
[点津] 作"照顾；照顾护士"讲时，可用attend，也可用attend on/upon；作"出席；参加"讲时，attend多作及物动词。
④Attend to your study and stop talking.专心学习，不要讲话。
⑤Excuse me, but I have an important matter to attend to.对不起，但我有件要事要办。
比较attend, join, join in, take part in
attend 指参加会议、上课、上学、听报告等;
join指加入某组织、团体，成为个中的一员;
join in 指参加某种活动，表示与某人一起做某事，可构成join sb. in sth.构造;
take part in 指参加群众性活动、会议等，每每指参加并持积极态度，起一定浸染。
①I often attend meetings and sometimes I join in/take part in their discussion.我常常出席会议，有时参与大会的谈论。
②My wish is to join the army after graduation.我的欲望是毕业后参军。
③Lincoln took an active part in politics and was strongly against slavery.林肯积极参加政治活动，强烈反对奴隶制度。
3．expose vt.暴露；戳穿；使曝光；使打仗
[教材原句] But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera.但当他一想到要帮助(那些)受到霍乱威胁的普通百姓，他就感到很振奋。
(1)expose sb./sth. to ...使某人/某物暴露于……；使某人/某物打仗到……
(2)be exposed to ... 暴露于……；置身于……
exposure n. 暴露；揭破
①Exposed to such disasters, the local people were badly in need of help.当地人深陷于如此大的灾害中，他们急需帮助。
②Don't expose yourself to the sun for too long. You will get burnt.别在太阳下晒得太久，你会被晒伤的。
③We want to expose the kids to as much art and culture as possible.我们想让孩子们受到尽可能多的艺术和文化熏陶。
④A teacher should expose_his_students_to reallife situations.西席应让他的学生们打仗到真实的生活环境。
4．cure n．[C]治愈；疗法vt.治愈；治疗；改掉(坏习气)
[教材原句] Neither its cause nor its cure was understood.(人们)既不知道它的病源，也不理解它的治疗方法。
①Doctors are searching for a cure for AIDS.年夜夫们正在探求艾滋病的治疗方法。
②There is no way to cure or prevent Ebola, though experimental vaccines are on the way.只管实验性的疫苗正在研制中，但市场上还没有治愈或预防埃博拉病毒的方法。
③We must cure the children of bad habits.我们必须纠正孩子们的坏习气。
④This medicine will cure you of your headache.这种药可治好你的头痛。
⑤a cure for ... 治愈某种病的疗法
⑥cure sb. of sth. 治愈某人的病；改掉某人的坏习气
比较cure, treat
cure强调结果，即“治愈”，可构成cure sb. of sth.构造;
treat调过程，不涉及结果，可构成treat sb. for sth.构造.
①The doctor treated her headache with a new medicine, but didn't cure her.
②He was treated for his heart disease for three months, but the doctors said they could cure him of it in one month.
5．challenge n．[C，U]寻衅 vt.向……寻衅
[教材原句] John Snow wanted to face the challenge and solve this problem.约翰·斯诺想面对这个寻衅，办理这个问题。
①To prevent hazes from happening frequently is a great challenge for most cities in China.对付中国的大部分城市来说，阻挡雾霾景象的频繁发生是一项巨大的寻衅。
(1)face the challenge 面临寻衅
accept/take up a challenge 接管寻衅
(2)challenge sb. to sth. 向某人寻衅某事
challenge sb. to do sth. 向某人寻衅做某事
②He accepted a challenge to a TV debate.他接管了电视辩论的寻衅。
③When I said I ran faster than her, she challenged me to a race.当我说我跑得比她快时，她硬逼着要和我赛跑。
④Mr Wang challenged me to (play) another tennis game.王师长西席向我寻衅再打一场网球比赛。
[点津] challenge本身已含"向……；对……"的意义，因而不要再加多余的to。
challenge sb.向某人寻衅
6．absorb vt.接管；吸引；使专心
[教材原句] The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals.第二种意见是人们是在用饭时把这种病毒吸入体内的。
①This kind of paper absorbs ink.这种纸吸墨水。
absorb ... into ... 把……吸入……
absorb ... from ... 从……中接管……
absorb sb.'s attention 吸引某人的把稳
be absorbed in 专心于；心神专注于
②Plants can absorb nutrients from the soil.植物能从土壤中接管养分。
③A studentcentered class can absorb students' attention.以学生为中央的教室可以吸引学生的把稳力。
④Absorbed in his work, Tom simply forgot food and sleep.汤姆专心事情，险些忘却了用饭和睡觉。
7．suspect
[教材原句] John Snow suspected that the second theory was correct but he needed evidence.
约翰·斯诺推测第二个理论是精确的，但他须要证据。
(1)vt.疑惑；认为
①Never employ the man you suspect, nor suspect the man you employ.[谚语]疑人不用，用人不疑。
suspect that ... 疑惑……；以为……
suspect sb. of (doing) sth. 疑惑某人(做过)某事
②What makes you suspect_him_of stealing the money?你凭什么疑惑钱是他偷的？
③I suspect that he is a thief.我疑惑他是个小偷。
(2)n. [C]嫌疑犯
④The police have taken the suspect to the police station.警察把那个嫌疑犯带到了警察局。
8．blame
[教材原句] It seemed that the water was to blame.看来水是罪魁罪魁。
(1)vt.责备；责怪；把……归咎于
be to blame (for sth.) 对(某事)负有任务；(因某事)应受责备
blame sb. for (doing) sth. 因(做)某事而责备某人
blame sth. on sb. 把某事归咎到某人身上
①Don't always blame your own failure on others. Sometimes you yourself are to blame.
不要总把自己的失落败归咎于他人。有时该怪你自己。
②There was no evidence that the pilot was to blame for the air crash.没有证据表明翱翔员要为这场空难卖力。
(2)n.[U]过失落；责备
bear/take/accept/get the blame (for sth.)(对某事)承担任务
put/lay the blame for sth. on sb.将某事归咎于某人
③I am ready to take the blame for what I said.我已准备对我所说的卖力。
④She'll put/lay the blame on me if it gets bad.如果事情变糟，她会把此事归咎于我。
9．announce vt.宣告；发布(决定、操持等)；(尤指通过广播)关照
[教材原句] With this extra evidence John Snow was able to announce with certainty that polluted water carried the virus.有了这个特殊的证据，约翰·斯诺就能够肯定地宣告，这种被污染了的水携带着病毒。
(1)announce sth.(to sb.) (向某人)宣告、通知布告某事
announce that ... 宣告……；关照……
It is announced that ...据宣告……
(2)announcement n. 关照；通知布告
make an announcement宣告；下关照
(3)announcer n. 广播员；播音员
①Guangdong police announced a reward for reporting crime clues.广东警方宣告将给予供应犯罪线索者一笔赏金。
②The spokesman of the Foreign Ministry announced the news to the reporters.
＝ The spokesman of the Foreign Ministry announced_to the reporters the news.
外交部发言人向发布了新闻。
[点津] 表示"向某人宣告某事"用announce sth. to sb.或announce to sb. sth.，而不用announce sb. sth.。
③It is announced that there will be a celebration on National Day.据宣告，国庆节要举行庆祝会。
④The announcer made an announcement that all the details should be announced through the broadcast.广播员宣告所有的细节都应通过广播公布出来。
比较announce, declare
announce示正式公布、宣告，侧重预报人们关心或感兴趣的事情，尤指新闻
declare示正式向"大众年夜众宣告，侧重“当众揭橥”，多用于宣战、媾和或宣判等。declare后可跟复合宾语
①The date of his visit has not been announced.他来访的日期尚未公布。
②Fighting has been going on for a year, but war has not yet been declared.仗已打了一年，但并没有宣战。
10．instruct vt.命令；指示；教导
[教材原句] The water companies were instructed not to expose people to polluted water any more.供水公司得到指示，再也不能让人们打仗受污染的水了。
①When I met him, he was instructing his son how to deal with the car problem.当我见到他时，他正在教儿子如何修汽车。
(1)instruct sb. in sth. 教授某人某事
instruct sb. to do sth. 命令某人做某事
(2)instruction n．[用复数]解释书；利用指南
[C，常用复数]指示；命令
give sb. instructions to do sth.命令某人做某事
follow one's instructions 屈服某人的指示
②My job is to instruct her in English.我的事情是教她英语。
③He instructed me to deliver it to a customer.他嘱咐我把东西传送给顾客。
④The teacher gave them instructions to arrive early tomorrow morning.老师命令他们来日诰日清晨要早到。
1．put forward 提出；推举
2．draw a conclusion 得出结论
3．expose ... to ... 使显露；暴露
4．of sb.'s/sth.'s day 在某人/某物存在的时候
5．face a challenge 面临寻衅
6．mark ... on ... 在……上把……标出来
7．be to blame 该受责备；应卖力
8．link ... to ... 将……和……联系或连接起来
9．look into 调查
10．slow down 减速；减缓
1．put forward提出；拨快；将……提前；推举
[教材原句] Who put forward a theory about black holes?谁提出了黑洞理论？
写出put forward不才列句子中的汉语意思
①Since last year, China has put forward a series of important suggestions. 提出
②The women's final has been put forward to 2：00 pm.提前
③He put his watch forward to avoid being late for the meeting.拨快
④We put Mary forward to take part in the competition to find a designer for the new airport building.推举；提名
⑤We're trying to put aside a few hundred dollars every month towards our vacation.我们只管即便每月存几百美元供度假用。
⑥Before we leave the office, let's put these files away.离开办公室之前，让我们把这些文件整顿好。
2．draw a conclusion得出结论
①The debate did not arrive at/come to/reach/draw a conclusion until midnight.辩论直到午夜才得出结论。
②In conclusion, I'd like to say how much I have enjoyed myself.末了，我想说说我过得有多么愉快。
③arrive at/come to/reach/draw a conclusion得出结论
④in conclusion末了
conclude v． 结束；推论；推断；以/做某事结束(某事)
conclude ... from ... 从……推断出……
conclude (from sth.) that ... (从某事)推断……
⑤We will conclude our concert with the National Anthem.我们将以国歌结束我们的音乐会。
⑥What do you conclude_from the experiment?从这次实验中你得出了什么结论？
⑦From the evidence I must conclude that you are wrong.从证据看，我敢断定你错了。
3．link ... to/with ...将……和……联系或连接起来
[教材原句] In another part of London, he found supporting evidence from two other deaths that were linked to the Broad Street outbreak.在伦敦的另一个地区，他从两个与宽街暴发的霍乱有关联的去世亡病例中又创造了有力的证据。
①For centuries farmers have linked the behavior of animals to changes in the weather.几个世纪以来农人们一贯把动物行为与景象变革联系在一起。
②A spokesman said six suspects linked with the attack had been arrested.一位发言人说和这起攻击案件有关联的六个嫌疑人已经被捕。
link up (with) (与……)连接；联合
join ... to/and ... 把……与……连接起来
connect ...to/with/and ...把……与……连接起来
relate ...to ... 把……和……联系起来
combine ...with ... 把……和……联合起来
③The bands have linked up for a charity concert.这些乐队已联合起来，准备办一场慈善音乐会。
④Wealth is seldom related to happiness.财富鲜与幸福干系。
1．[句型展示] Neither its cause nor its cure was understood.(人们)既不知道它的病源，也不理解它的治疗方法。
[典例背诵]
In autumn, it's neither too hot nor too cold.(天津高考标准范文)秋日，既不太热又不太冷。
2．[句型展示] So many thousands of terrified people died every_time there was an outbreak.
因此每次(霍乱)暴发，就有成千上万惊骇的人们去世去。
[典例背诵]
Every time he comes to Harbin, he always drops in on me.每次他来哈尔滨，总是顺便来看看我。
3．[句型展示]
①The first suggested that cholera multiplied in the air.第一种意见是霍乱病毒在空气中繁殖。
②To prevent this from happening again, John Snow suggested that the source of all the water supplies be examined.为防止这种情形再度发生，约翰·斯诺建议所有水源都要经由检测。
[典例背诵]
①All the facts suggest that failure is the mother of success.所有的这些事实表明失落败是成功之母。
②I suggest we should communicate with our friends face to face.我建议我们该当与朋友面对面互换。
4．[句型展示] A woman, who had moved away from Broad Street, liked the water from the pump so much that she had_it_delivered to her house every day.一位已经从宽街搬走的妇女，特殊喜好从那个水泵里抽上来的水，每天都要让人把水送到她家。
[典例背诵]
If you listen more and speak more, you will have your English improved.如果你多听多说，你的英语就会得到提高。
1．So many thousands of terrified people died every_time there was an outbreak.因此每次(霍乱)暴发，就有成千上万惊骇的人们去世去。
every time在句中勾引韶光状语从句，与each time相同，意为"每次……的时候"。
①Every time I went to Beijing I would visit the Great Wall.我每次去北京都会去参不雅观长城。
②Every time I see him, he's always wearing a smile on his face.我每次见到他时，他总是面带笑颜。
可以用作连词勾引韶光状语从句的名词短语有以下三类：
(1)表示习气、常常性：every time, each time, next time, the first/second/last/... time等。
③The first time I went abroad, I couldn't understand what foreigners said.第一次出国时，我听不懂老外说什么。
(2)表示瞬间变革，意为"一……就……"：the moment, the minute, the instant, the second等。
④The moment I saw him, I knew what had happened.见到他的那一刻，我就知道发生了什么事。
(3)表示详细韶光，意为"……的那天/那周/……"：the day, the week, the month, the year, the spring, the summer, the autumn, the winter等。
⑤We got together the night he returned from abroad.他从国外回来的那个晚上我们聚会了。
2．To prevent this from happening again, John Snow suggested that the source of all the water supplies be examined.为防止这种情形再度发生，约翰·斯诺建议所有水源都要经由检测。
句中suggest表示"建议"，其余suggest还有"表明；暗示"的意思。其用法如下：
①His attitude suggested that he was not interested in it at all.他的态度表明他对此一点也不感兴趣。
②Education experts suggest parents should be more careful when sending their young children abroad.教诲专家建议在把孩子送往国外时家长该当格外小心。
③My deskmate's sleepy look suggested that he was tired of his study and I suggested he (should) have/take a rest.我的同桌困倦的表情显示他学习累了。我建议他安歇一下。
3．A woman, who had moved away from Broad Street, liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day.一位已经从宽街搬走的妇女，特殊喜好从那个水泵里抽上来的水，每天都要让人把水送到她家。
句子构造剖析：
句中had it delivered是"have＋sth.＋过去分词"构造，该构造有以下三种常见用法：
(1)表示"请/让别人做某事"，句中所用的便是此意。
①I'll have my bike repaired tomorrow.我来日诰日得(请人)修一下我的自行车。
(2)表示"经历或遭遇(一些不好的事)"。
②She had her computer stolen the other day.前几天她的电脑被偷了。
(3)表示"完成/办理某事"，此时主语也可能是过去分词所表示的动作的实行者。
③When will you have your homework handed in?你什么时候交家庭作业？
比较have sth. done, have sb. do, have sb. doing
have sth. done让/叫/使/请别人做某事。宾语sth.后面用过去分词作宾语补足语，sth.与过去分词表示的动作之间是被动关系
have sb. do让某人做某事。do与sb.是主动关系
have sb. doing让/叫/使某人一贯做某事。doing与sb.是主动关系
①You shouldn't have your horse running so fast. It's too dangerous.你不该让你的马跑得这么快。这太危险了。
②I have my husband do some housework every day.我每天让丈夫做些家务。
③He had his leg broken while playing football.他踢足球时摔断了腿。
Section Ⅲ
Learning about Language & Using Language
根据词性和汉语提示写出单词，并进行拓展
1．construct vt.培植；建筑→construction n．培植；建筑物
2．contribute v．捐献；贡献；捐助→contribution n．贡献；捐款
3．positive adj.积极的；肯定的；确实的→negative(反义词)悲观的；否定的
4．backward adv. & adj.向后地(的)；相反地(的)；退步地(的)→forward adv. & adj.向前地(的)
5．enthusiastic adj.激情亲切的；热心的→enthusiasm n．激情亲切；热心
6．cautious adj.小心的；谨慎的→caution n．小心；谨慎
7．reject vt.谢绝；不接管；抛弃→rejectionn.谢绝；谢绝接管；厌弃
8．move v．移动；搬家→movementn.移动；运动
1．construction n. [U]培植[C]建筑物
[教材原句] Look at these simple verbs and make another construction using make＋a＋noun.
看这些大略动词并用"make＋a＋noun"构成另一个构造。
①The entire city stopped all construction work for days just to ensure clean air.为了确保空气的清洁，数天来全市停滞了所有的建筑事情。
(1)be under construction 正在培植中
(2)construct vt. 培植；建筑
be constructed of/out of/from ... 由……建成
②The new railway is still under construction.新铁路仍在培植中。
③The shelter was constructed out of fallen branches.这个窝棚是用落下的枯树枝搭成的。
2．contribute v．捐助；捐献；投稿；对……有贡献；有助于
①Most people contributed some money towards the new church buildings.大部分人都为教堂的新建筑捐了钱。
(1)contribute ...to ... 向……捐献/赠……；给……供应(忠言、建议)；投稿
contribute to 有助于；匆匆使；导致
(2)contribution n. 贡献；捐款
make a contribution/contributions to (doing) ... 对……做贡献
②She contributed a number of articles to the magazine.她给这家杂志撰写了很多稿件。
③I am sure your suggestion will contribute to solving the problem.我肯定你的建议将有助于办理问题。
④Over 80 companies have settled in the park so far, making great contributions to the development of the local economy.迄今为止，80多家公司落户该家当园，对当地经济的发展做出了巨大贡献。
3．reject vt.谢绝；不接管(发起、建议等)；谢绝(雇用、录取等)；抛弃；(因质量不好而)废弃
[教材原句] The Christian Church rejected his theory, saying it was against God's idea and people who supported it would be attacked.基督教会谢绝接管他的理论，说这种理论违背了上帝的旨意，谁支持这一理论谁就将受到攻击。
写出reject不才列句子中的汉语意思
①They reject plans to raise the retirement age from 65 to 66 starting in 2025 and to 67 in 2030. 不接管
②I've been rejected by all the universities I applied to.谢绝录取
③All the food that went bad was rejected by my mother.抛弃；废弃
1．come to a(n) end 结束
2．apart from 除……之外；此外
3．(be) strict with ... 对……严格的
4．lead to 通向；导致
5．make sense 讲得通；故意义
6．at times 有时
7．be responsible for 对……卖力
8．make room for 为……腾地方
1．apart from
[教材原句] Apart from the construction mentioned above, you have also learned the following phrases. 除了以上提到的构造，你们还学过下面的短语。
(1)除了……之外(还); 此外(相称于in addition to 或as well as)
Only a handful of countries, apart from China, have ever developed deep seadiving.除了中国，仅有少数国家研发了深海潜水技能。
(2)除了……之外(相称于except)
I hardly know anyone in the village apart from you.除你之外，我险些不认识村落里的任何人。
(3)除了；只是(相称于except for)
Apart from a few faults, he is a faithful friend.除了有几个缺陷外，他是一位值得相信的朋友。
比较apart from, in addition to, besides, except, except for, except that
apart from重在强调，既含有“除了……还有”，也含有“把……打消在外”之意
in addition to“除……之外还”，一样平常位于句首
besides表示“除了……还有”
except表示“把……打消在外”
except for表示从整体情形来看，要打消个中的部分分外情形
except that意思与except for相同，后须接从句
①In addition to/Besides/Apart from their house in London, they also have a villa in Spain.
他们在伦敦有一座屋子，此外在西班牙还有一座别墅。
②Everything was perfect except_for/apart_from the weather.除了景象之外，统统都很完美。
③I don't know much about the man except_that he's a fool.我除了知道他是个傻瓜外，其他情形所知甚少。
④The shop is open every day except on Sundays.除了星期天之外，这家商店每天都业务。
2．be strict with ...对……严格的
①Hong Chen's parents are strict with her.洪辰的父母对她哀求很严格。
②To do this, we must be strict with the members.为了做到这一点，我们必须严格哀求队员。
(1)be strict in (doing) sth. 对(做)某事哀求严格
(2)strictly speaking 严格地说
③We should be strict in (doing) our work.对事情我们该当严格哀求。
3．make sense讲得通；故意义
[教材原句] Only if you put the sun there did the movements of the other planets in the sky make sense.只有当你把太阳放在中央位置上，天空中其他行星的运动才能说得清楚。
①It makes sense to save money while you can.钱能省就省，这很明智。
make no sense 没有道理；没故意义
make sense of 明白；理解
in a sense 从某种意义上说
in no sense 决不
There's no sense in doing ...做……是没有道理/浸染的
②Who would send me all these flowers? It really makes no sense.谁会送给我这么多花呢？真是不可思议。
③We all couldn't make sense of that painting.我们都没有理解那幅画。
④In no sense can you do that again.你决不能再那样做了。
⑤There is no sense in worrying about it now.现在担心这件事已没有必要了。
1．[句型展示] I had_expected it to be better.我本期望会更好。
[典例背诵]
I had expected much from his speech, but nothing new came.我曾对他的演讲抱有很大希望，但实际上没有什么新鲜东西。
2．[句型展示] Only_if you put the sun there did the movements of the other planets in the sky make sense.只有当你把太阳放在中央位置上，天空中其他行星的运动才能说得清楚。
[典例背诵]
Only if we love life will we never run out of our inspirations.只有热爱生活，我们的灵感才不会枯竭。
3．[句型展示] He placed a fixed sun at the centre of the solar system with the planets going round it and only the moon still going round the earth.他把固定的太阳放在太阳系的中央，别的行星都环绕太阳迁徙改变，只有玉轮仍旧环绕地球迁徙改变。
[典例背诵]
With the beautiful moon up in the sky, we sit together and eat mooncakes and fruits, sharing our stories.俏丽的玉轮高挂在天空，我们坐在一起吃着月饼和水果，一起分享我们的故事。
1．Only if you put the sun there did the movements of the other planets in the sky make sense.只有当你把太阳放在中央位置上，天空中其他行星的运动才能说得清楚。
这是一个倒装句，"only＋状语或状语从句"放于句紧张利用部分倒装，即把助动词、情态动词或系动词be 放在主语之前。
①Only in this way can we solve the problem.只有通过这种办法，我们才能办理这个问题。
②Only when he returned did we find out the truth.只有他回来时我们才创造了原形。
③Only she can do it well, for she is more experienced.只有她才能把它做好，由于她更有履历。
①If only I were slimmer, more beautiful, richer and more clever!假如我更苗条一些、更俊秀一些、更富有一些、更聪明一些该多好啊！
②You will pass the driving test only if you practice hard.只有努力练习，你才能通过驾照考试。
2．He placed a fixed sun at the centre of the solar system with_the_planets_going_round_it and only the moon still going round the earth.他把固定的太阳放在太阳系的中央，别的行星都环绕太阳迁徙改变，只有玉轮仍旧环绕地球迁徙改变。
with the planets going round it 是"with＋宾语＋宾语补足语"构造，在句中作状语，表示缘故原由、条件、伴随等。此外，此构造还可作后置定语。
①The little boy ran along the street with nothing on.这个小男孩沿街跑着，什么也没穿。
②With prices going_up,_we can't afford too many clothes.随着物价的上涨，我们买不起太多的衣服。
③I sat in my room for a few minutes with my eyes fixed on the ceiling.我在房间里坐了一下子，眼睛盯着天花板。
④I can't go out with all these dishes to_wash.我不能丢下这些要洗的碟子就出去。
⑤We live in a house with many flowers around it.我们住在一所周围有很多花的屋子里。
Section Ⅳ
Grammar & Writing
过去分词作定语和表语
过去分词是非谓语动词的一种形式。从语法功能剖析，过去分词兼有动词、形容词或副词的特性，可在句中充当定语、表语、宾语补足语或状语。过去分词常日与逻辑主语之间存在被动关系，表示被动或完成。
一、过去分词作定语
1．过去分词作定语时的意义
不及物动词的过去分词作定语，只表示动作已完成，不表示被动的意义；及物动词的过去分词作定语表示被动意义或已完成的被动动作。
(1)只表示完成不表示被动
fallen leaves 落叶
the risen sun 升起的太阳
a retired teacher 一位退休的西席
(2)表示被动
an honored guest 一位受尊敬的客人
a guided trip 一次有导游的旅行
(3)表示被动和完成
the broken glass 碎了的杯子
the question discussed yesterday昨天谈论的问题
a divided country 一个分裂的国家
2．过去分词作定语时的位置
(1)前置定语：单个的过去分词作定语，常日放在被润色的名词之前。
The broken vase has been thrown outside.那个打碎的花瓶已被扔到表面去了。
The injured workers are now being taken good care of in the hospital.受伤的工人现在正在医院受到良好的照料。
(2)后置定语：过去分词短语作定语时，常日放在被润色的名词之后，它的浸染相称于一个定语从句。
The suggestion (which had been) sent to the committee was adopted.呈送给委员会的建议被采纳了。
This will be the best novel of its kind ever written(＝ that has ever been written)．这将是这类小说中写得最好的。
①The producer comes regularly to collect the cameras returned (return) to our shop for quality problems.
②You cannot accept an opinion offered (offer) to you unless it is based on facts.
[点津] ①有些过去分词表示特定含义时，单独作定语也放在所润色的名词之后，如left(剩余的)，given(所给的)，concerned(有关的)等。
There is little time left. Let's hurry up.剩余的韶光不多了，我们赶紧吧。
②过去分词润色代词时，应置于被润色词之后。
He is one of those invited.他是那些被约请的人之一。
③有些过去分词作定语，前置和后置意义不同。试比较：
This is a used car which is worth only 5,000 yuan.这是一辆仅值五千元的旧车。
The method used is very efficient.所用的这个方法很有效。
④过去分词可作非限定性定语，用来补充解释被润色词的情形，前面常用逗号与被润色的身分隔开。
A girl, dressed like a student, came in and sat beside me.一位学生打扮的女孩走进来，坐在我的阁下。
3．现在分词和过去分词作定语的差异
(1)过去分词与所润色的名词之间存在动宾关系，表示一个已完成的动作。现在分词与所润色的名词之间存在主谓关系，它表示一个正在进行的动作。
This is a letter written in black ink.这是一封用黑墨水写的信。
There are so many people showing interest in surfing the Internet.有那么多人对上网感兴趣。
(2)过去分词作定语表示被润色的人或干系的人的自身感想熏染，现在分词作定语表示被润色的人或物对别人造成的感想熏染。
Have you noticed the surprised expression on his face?你把稳到他脸上惊异的表情了吗？(他很惊异)
What came to us was surprising news.我们得到的是令人吃惊的。(令人吃惊)
二、过去分词作表语
1．过去分词可放在系动词be, get, feel, remain, seem, look, become, stay等之后作表语，表示主语所处的状态。
He seemed quite delighted at the news.听到这个他彷佛很高兴。
The door remained locked.门仍旧锁着。
2．过去分词作表语多表示人自身的觉得、感想熏染或事物自身的状态；现在分词作表语则多表示事物具有的特性，常译作"令人……的"。
He became discouraged.他灰心了。
The situation proves encouraging.形势是令人鼓舞的。
①There were many people waiting at the bus stop, and some of them looked very anxious and disappointed (disappoint)．
②For some reason he sat beside Mary. Mary felt pleased (please), because there were many empty seats in the room.
[点津] 英语中有很多与觉得有关的及物动词，其现在分词表示主动意义，即"令人有某种觉得的"，多用来润色物；其过去分词含有被动意义，即"人被引起某种觉得的"，多用来指人、人的声音或表情等。
The story they heard over the radio was very moving.他们从收音机里听到的这个故事很动听。
She was moved by his moving speech.她被他动人的演说冲动了。
They were frightened to hear the frightening sound.他们听到那恐怖的声音很害怕。
The chairman announced the exciting news in an excited voice.主席用一种愉快的声音宣告了这个令人激动的。
Alice read the letter with a puzzled expression on her face.艾丽丝脸上带着一种迷惑的表情读了这封信。
3．过去分词作表语时与被动语态的差异："be ＋过去分词"表示状态时，是系表构造，此时分词常日已形容词化；表示动作时，是被动语态，且绝大多数被动构造中的动作实行者由介词by引出。
The book is well written.(系表构造，强调主语所处的状态)这本书写得很好。
The book was written by a soldier.(被动语态，强调主语所承受的动作)这本书是一位战士写的。
奉劝性书信
如果你是高二学生李华，你的一个在外地读书的同学张力给你写信，向你诉说他最近由于身体不好而影响学习的情形，并且坦言自己平时学习忙，很少磨炼。请你根据这一情形给张力写一封复书，奉劝并鼓励他积极磨炼身体，从而为更好地学习打下根本。
Dear Zhang Li，
I am sorry to hear that you have been ill for days and I hope you have got better now. You have studied so hard that you have had no time for exercise. ①But it is really harmful to your health.②I feel it would be more beneficial to your health if you could take more exercise in future.
③You may think that time spent in exercise is wasted. ④In fact, exercise can improve your physical condition and refresh your mind. ⑤After one or two hours of exercise you can study better. ⑥Only when you have a strong body can you keep on studying without feeling bad or ill.⑦Otherwise your study will be interrupted from time to time by sickness.
⑧I am not advising you to devote all your time to exercise. ⑨What I want to say is that exercise is as useful and important as your study. ⑩So I recommend that you take at least one hour's exercise every day from now on. ⑪I would be more than happy to see you have a stronger body.
Sincerely yours，
Li Hua
第一段一开始作者就表达了对同学的关心，并提出自己的不雅观点，为下文做铺垫。
第二段详细解释磨炼身体的主要性。
末了一段提出自己的建议，希望同学抽出韶光进行磨炼。
亮点一：文章中利用了一些高等词汇，如①句中的be harmful to，②句中的be beneficial to，⑧句中的advise sb. to do，⑪句中的more than等。这些词汇的运用，增强了文章的可读性。
亮点二：文章中利用了一些高等句式，如②句中的it作形式主语及虚拟语气，⑥句中的only引起的倒装句，⑨句中的what勾引的主语从句和that勾引的表语从句，⑩句中的recommend后的宾语从句等。高等句式的利用，使得整篇文章流畅、隧道。
奉劝性书信的写作目的是向某个组织或个人提出奉劝性建议的一种运用文体。先提出建议，随后给出充足的情由奉劝对方接管你的建议，提出的情由要通情达理，用词要恰当，既要委婉礼貌，又要有说服力。
写作时把稳以下几点：
1．形式要简洁，常日紧张由称呼(Salutation)、正文(Body)、结束语(Closing)和署名(Signature)组成。
2．开门见山，直入主题。在书信正文的开头找准话题的切入点，自然而然地引出自己想要谈的主题。写信时要充分理解情形，对症下药，以提高书信的针对性。
3．给出希望对方采纳或者终止某种行为的情由。在陈述情由的过程中要换位思考，只管即便为对方考虑。要用事实说话，以增强说服力。
4．语气要和缓，让对方考虑你的想法或者建议，以理服人是关键，不能把自己的想法强加于人。
5．给出合理建议，通过提建议让对方明确行动的方向，从而达到写信的终极目的。
1．I am writing to express my views about ...
2．I am writing to persuade you to ...
3．First of all, I think it would be better if ...
4．Here I'd like to give my advice on .../I'd like to suggest that ...
5．If I were you, I would ...
6．I strongly hope that you can ...
7．What/How about doing ...?
8．I think it would be more beneficial if you could ...
9．In my opinion, you should ...
10．In my experience, it seems that ...
11．Please take my advice into consideration and make a final decision.
12．I will be more than happy to see improvements in this regard.
假设你是李萍，你的笔友王强最近沉迷于电脑游戏而不能自拔，严重影响了学习和身心康健。请你给他写一封书信，奉劝他改掉这一不良习气，并对他的学习生活给出自己的建议。
把稳：
1．词数：100旁边；
2．可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
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参考范文：
Dear Wang Qiang，
I felt very worried when I heard that you were addicted to computer games. Although it's generally believed that computer games are interesting and can inspire our imagination, yet if you abuse them, they will be harmful to you in many ways. To begin with, they will waste too much valuable time which should be spent on your study or other beneficial things. In addition, playing games for a long time will do harm to your health, especially to your eyes. Worse still, some games are full of violence, which will be harmful to your mental health. Therefore, I strongly hope that you can break away from them. The earlier, the better. In order to live a meaningful life, you can read more good books, take more exercise to build yourself up or participate in some social activities to expand your horizons.
Looking forward to your good news.
Yours，
Li Ping
